The simplest answer to this question is- By converting Solar energy into electricity. How they do that?- To understand this, we first need to learn a bit about electricity> Electricity means the flow of electrons> Electrons are negatively charged particles present in free form in any semiconductor like silicon.

Solar panels are made of silicon semiconductor (with added impurities like phosphorous and boron etc. ) to help increase presence of free electrons in the outer shell of the exposed silicon wafer/solar cell. Now, when photons/energy particles from Sun falls on the exposed part of the fused Silicon wafer, they energize the electrons present there to help them jump out of their location towards any hole(zero charged space) present in the layer. However, if this electron is given a chance to move towards another positive point via an electrical circuit, then an electric flow starts and hence electricity gets generated. Actually, nothing moves on the surface of the Solar panels and no change is seen with naked eyes. Only electrons move from their original position and other hole is formed, similarly another electron comes to the same place where a hole was created and this chain goes on and on. In this way, the electrons keep coming in the upper layer of the Solar panel i.e. the n-type silicon layer and the holes keep moving towards the p-type silicon, the layer that lies underneath the surface of a Solar cell. This is the way photons help in electricity generation through Solar panels. Loyal Technologies